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IP Source Guard primarily prevents IP spoofing, which is a technique used by attackers to send IP packets from a false (or spoofed) source address in order to deceive network devices and users. By enabling IP Source Guard on a network switch, the device can track and validate the source IP addresses of the incoming packets against the binding table, which contains information about legitimate IP-to-MAC address mappings that were learned from DHCP snooping or static entries.

When IP Source Guard is configured, the switch will drop any packets that do not match the source IP address with the corresponding MAC address as per the bindings. This helps maintain integrity within the network and protects against unauthorized access, thus ensuring that only legitimate devices can communicate using specific IP addresses.

The other options, such as network congestion, MAC address conflicts, and DDoS attacks, are related to different network issues and security concerns. Network congestion refers to bandwidth limitations that can slow down data transmission, MAC address conflicts occur when two devices claim the same MAC address, and DDoS attacks involve overwhelming a network or service with traffic. These scenarios are not the primary focus of IP Source Guard's protective measures.